A strong toroidal gravitational field that acts against the force of gravity could be generated by materials that have nonlinear properties that enhance time-varying gravitational fields. [249] published work showing how traversable wormholes can exist in spacetime only if they are threaded by quantum fields generated by some form of exotic matter that has negative energy. The 0 degrees Aries Point is 0 degrees Aries, but it links to any cardinal sign: Aries, Cancer, Libra, and Capricorn. The EM fields distort the vacuum field perturbations surrounding the craft sufficiently to affect the permeability and permittivity of space. The Zero Point Field IS The LOVE Field. In essence, it has been asserted that Beltrami plasma vortex structures are able to at least simulate the morphology of Type I and Type II superconductors. And for the Universe itself, that's to set up empty space in the absence of any external fields or . You must there are over 200,000 words in our free online dictionary, but you are looking for one that's only in the Merriam-Webster Unabridged Dictionary. [147] In QCD, color confinement has led physicists to abandon the source theory or S-matrix based approach for the strong interactions. The potential application of zero-point energy by the public, should it be allowed to enter the global marketplace, would serve as a potential solution to some of the greatest modern problems facing humanity. It's a byproduct of the fact that subatomic particles don't really. showed how the force can be used to control the mechanical motion of a MEMS device, The researchers suspended a polysilicon plate from a torsional rod a twisting horizontal bar just a few microns in diameter. Again, there is a certain level of truth to this. [100] It has units of mass, and is the only free parameter of the Standard Model that is not a dimensionless number. [191] This is an example of zero-point energy having multiple stable states (see Quantum phase transition, Quantum critical point, Topological degeneracy, Topological order[192]) and where the overall system structure is independent of a reductionist or deterministic view, that "classical" macroscopic order can also causally affect quantum phenomena. See The Reviews. [166] It was concluded that there was no need for the greater physical insights provided by the quaternions if the theory was purely local in nature. The linearity of Maxwell's equations allows us to write: for the total vector potential in free space. The European Space Agency is building the Euclid telescope. The bond-dissociation energy (BDE, D 0, or DH) is one measure of the strength of a chemical bond AB.It can be defined as the standard enthalpy change when AB is cleaved by homolysis to give fragments A and B, which are usually radical species. A Vacuum Can Yield Flashes of Light", "Science: Can Photons Travel 'Faster Than Light'? In modern time, the closest thing to explain it is the Casimir Effect; a phenomenon said to best illustrate zero . In quantum theory however there is always an "external" field, namely the source-free or vacuum field E0(t). [206] The goal of the program is to develop new methods to control and manipulate attractive and repulsive forces at surfaces based on engineering of the Casimir force. This leads to highly complex nonlinear interaction - gravity will have an effect on the light at the same time the light has an effect on gravity. {\displaystyle \mathbf {x} (t)} The only thing that has physical significance is the difference in values of the potential energy at different points. But due to limited resources, it is getting difficult and burdened the economy as well. The QCD vacuum is the vacuum state of quantum chromodynamics (QCD). Superconductivity is one of the best known empirically quantified macroscopic electromagnetic phenomena whose basis is recognised to be quantum mechanical in origin. The value of energy depends on the arbitrary energy of your potential. In 1992 Evgeny Podkletnov[252] published a heavily debated[253][254][255][256] journal article claiming a specific type of rotating superconductor could shield gravitational force. [240][241][242][243][244][245] Referring to Wallace's patents, a New Scientist article in 1980 stated "Although the Wallace patents were initially ignored as cranky, observers believe that his invention is now under serious but secret investigation by the military authorities in the USA. This occurs because the "organised" dissipative energy of the vortex configuration comprising the ions and electrons far exceeds the "disorganised" dissipative random thermal energy. In a process in which a photon is annihilated (absorbed), we can think of the photon as making a transition into the vacuum state. However, this elimination does not mean that the vacuum field has been rendered unimportant or without physical consequences. This gives the vector potential for a plane wave mode of the field. It explains the origin of the large-scale structure of the cosmos. To use it in any significant way, as per the 2nd law of Thermodynamics, you'd have to create a small zone featuring a lower-energy false vacuum somewhere. For example, taking electric potential energy to be zero at infinity, the ground state of hydrogen has an energy of ##-13.6eV##. The ship would then ride this wave inside a region of flat space, known as a warp bubble and would not move within this bubble but instead be carried along as the region itself moves due to the actions of the drive. We showed in the above section that the zero-point energy can be eliminated from the Hamiltonian by the normal ordering prescription. It is at this zero-point where energy is condensed into positive and negative components of current. analysis by Scandurra (2001)[204]) to say that the Casimir effect is a conservative force and therefore even though such an engine can exploit the Casimir force for useful work it cannot produce more output energy than has been input into the system. [167] It has often been argued that quaternions are not compatible with special relativity,[168] but multiple papers have shown ways of incorporating relativity. The second law of thermodynamics states that in a closed linear system entropy flow can only be positive (or exactly zero at the end of a cycle). The battery can be recharged by making the electrical forces slightly stronger than the Casimir force to reexpand the plates. The zero-point energy of the electrons are indeed included in the total energy. Then exact conditions for running waves may be possible. 1. Absolute zero is defined as the point where no more heat can be removed from a system, according to the absolute or thermodynamic temperature scale. and that equal-time particle and field operators commute, we obtain: For the dipole oscillator under consideration it can be assumed that the radiative damping rate is small compared with the natural oscillation frequency, i.e., 0 1. Zero energy building implies a significant impact on a country's economy. In the most general sense, the exotic matter needed to create wormholes would share the repulsive properties of the inflationary energy, dark energy or zero-point radiation of the vacuum. [250] Building on the work of Thorne, in 1994 Miguel Alcubierre[251] proposed a method for changing the geometry of space by creating a wave that would cause the fabric of space ahead of a spacecraft to contract and the space behind it to expand (see Alcubierre drive). It states that if we know the position of a sub-atomic particle we cannot know its speed, and if we know its speed we cannot know its momentum. The mechanism for inflation is unclear, it is similar in effect to dark energy but is a far more energetic and short lived process. It occurs when all of space is filled with a sea of particles which are charged and thus the field has a nonzero vacuum expectation value. [266], In 2002 Phantom Works, Boeing's advanced research and development facility in Seattle, approached Evgeny Podkletnov directly. One of the most important consequences is that, even in the vacuum, the Maxwell equations have to be exchanged by more complicated formulas. (1996) arrived at a different but unclear conclusion that "zero-point energy is infinite thus it should be renormalized but not the 'zero-point fluctuations'". a value of an independent variable that makes a function equal to zero. 101 2. Zero-point energy is a natural consequence of quantum mechanics. . An attempt is made to explain dark energy and dark matter of the expanding universe in terms of the zero point vacuum energy. This is unlike the photon, which mediates the electromagnetic interaction but lacks an electric charge. [215] Despite such criticism, FDT has been shown to be true experimentally under certain quantum, non-classical conditions. The idea that the vacuum energy can have multiple stable energy states is a leading hypothesis for the cause of cosmic inflation. Liquid helium is perhaps the best-known example of such a system. [193][194] The only reason Earth's environment does not decay into an equilibrium state is that it receives a daily dose of sunshine and that, in turn, is due to the sun "polluting" interstellar space with decreasing entropy. The concept can be somewhat justified on general relativistic grounds since rotating frames of time varying fields are expected to emit gravitational waves. [1] [2] Devices allegedly suppressed include perpetual motion machines, cold fusion generators, torus -based generators, reverse . [150] There are many observed nonlinear physical electromagnetic phenomena such as AharonovBohm (AB)[151][152] and AltshulerAronovSpivak (AAS) effects,[153] Berry,[154] AharonovAnandan,[155] Pancharatnam[156] and ChiaoWu[157] phase rotation effects, Josephson effect,[158][159] Quantum Hall effect,[160] the De HaasVan Alphen effect,[161] the Sagnac effect and many other physically observable phenomena which would indicate that the electromagnetic potential field has real physical meaning rather than being a mathematical artifact[162] and therefore an all encompassing theory would not confine electromagnetism as a local force as is currently done, but as a SU(2) gauge theory or higher geometry. ZPE ( Figure 1) is a positive, additive, collective internal property and can be approximated by the harmonic formula: Figure 1. [137][138] This revived discussion that Einstein's cosmological constant, long disregarded by physicists as being equal to zero, was in fact some small positive value. In 1988 Kip Thorne et al. In astrology, there is something called the 0 degrees Aries Point. One of the six areas of interest was "Esoteric energy sources for propulsion, including the quantum dynamic energy of vacuum space" In the same year BAE Systems launched "Project Greenglow" to provide a "focus for research into novel propulsion systems and the means to power them".[198][248]. This leads to the second question. [115] published experimental proof that (as predicted in 1961[116]) the Casimir force could also be repulsive as well as being attractive. [273], Speculated involvement in other phenomena. However the very high frequency quanta will still not be contained. ", Nevertheless, as Jaffe himself notes in his paper, "no one has shown that source theory or another S-matrix based approach can provide a complete description of QED to all orders." The expectation value of the free field is therefore at all times equal to zero: since ak(0)|vac = 0. however, the energy density associated with the free field is infinite: The important point of this is that the zero-point field energy HF does not affect the Heisenberg equation for ak since it is a c-number or constant (i.e. The free field is in fact necessary for the formal consistency of the theory. Temperature in physics has been found to be a measure of the intensity of random molecular motion, and it might be expected that, as temperature is reduced to absolute zero, all motion ceases and molecules come to rest. It is the homogeneous solution of the Maxwell equation for the field acting on the dipole, i.e., the solution, at the position of the dipole, of the wave equation. [citation needed], A 2008 patent by Haisch and Moddel[207] details a device that is able to extract power from zero-point fluctuations using a gas that circulates through a Casimir cavity. For instance the Heisenberg equations for the coordinate x and the canonical momentum p = m +eA/c of the oscillator are: since the rate of change of the vector potential in the frame of the moving charge is given by the convective derivative. is the vacuum permittivity)) we can form a dimensionless quantity called the fine-structure constant: The fine-structure constant is the coupling constant of quantum electrodynamics (QED) determining the strength of the interaction between electrons and photons. It is based on a revised formulation of the spectral distribution of the zero point energy, for an ensemble in a defined statistical . Therefore, even at absolute zero, atoms and molecules retain some vibrational motion.Apart from atoms and molecules, the empty space of the vacuum . In the presence of strong electrostatic fields it is predicted that virtual particles become separated from the vacuum state and form real matter. The ignoring of the whole zero-point energy is often encouraged for all practical calculations. [2] In a system with no physical boundaries, the expected energy of the zero photon mode diverges! The spectral density of the vacuum field is fixed by the form of the radiation reaction field, or vice versa: because the radiation reaction field varies with the third derivative of x, the spectral energy density of the vacuum field must be proportional to the third power of in order for [z(t),pz(t)] to hold. There is no natural candidate for what might cause what has been called dark energy but the current best guess is that it is the zero-point energy of the vacuum. This review volume is intended to survey the field of quantum fluctuational phenomena induced by material bodies, which is commonly encompassed under the name of Casimir physics. ) This energy is called vacuum energy or "zero-point energy." Simply said, energy cannot be created or destroyed but may be altered from one form to another. [2] Numerically, this is written as 0 K, -273.15 C, or -459.67 F . That makes it a unique element in any vector space, and it is the one vector . [141] Many physicists also believe that inflation explains why the Universe appears to be the same in all directions (isotropic), why the cosmic microwave background radiation is distributed evenly, why the Universe is flat, and why no magnetic monopoles have been observed. "Where there is love, there is life." ~ Mahatma Gandhi. Every country is struggling to produce a generous amount of energy to meet the requirement of the end-users. This obviously has not happened and this issue, called the cosmological constant problem, is one of the greatest unsolved mysteries in physics. All in all, depends on the energy scale characteristic of the process under study, and also on details of the renormalization procedure. The state vector of the dipole-field system at t = 0 is therefore of the form. To find the classical ground state, set the velocity to zero to minimize the kinetic energy, (1/2)m v 2, and put the particle at the point where it has the lowest potential energy V(x). The coldest theoretical temperature is called absolute zero, at which the thermal motion of atoms and molecules reaches its minimum. [269][270][271] In 2016 a scientific paper by the team of NASA scientists passed peer review for the first time. Here, Mukhopadhyay argues the implications of Zero Point Energy from the perspective of cognitive neuroscience, arguing that it is the zero-point energy state of the brain that is the most comfortable and restful state of the individual mind; think of it as the state of the enlightened monk. Its name comes from the Greek word meaning blood. When energy escapes from the "sink" the magnetic field collapses and a strong . Most modern physicists believe that it is extremely unlikely for humanity to extract usable energy from zero-point energy. The zero-point energy is electromagnetic in nature and is like ordinary radio waves, light, X rays , gamma rays, and so forth. At X-ray wavelengths the polarization from the quantum fluctuations should be near 100%. What cancels it out?[19][104][136]. it is easy to show that after a few damping times the zero-point motion of the oscillator is in fact sustained by the driving zero-point field.[99]. While not exploiting the Casimir force for useful work, the papers drew attention from the MEMS community due to the revelation that Casimir effect needs to be considered as a vital factor in the future design of MEMS. the zero-point field) impart energy on the electrons to return the orbitals to previous energy levels, as predicted by Senitzky (1960). Using the above equation for ERR(t) we obtain an equation for the Heisenberg-picture operator ZPF is a consequence of something long known to particle physicists, called the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle. zero: [noun] the arithmetical symbol 0 or 0 denoting the absence of all magnitude or quantity. [202], In 1999, Pinto, a former scientist at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory at Caltech in Pasadena, published in Physical Review his thought experiment (Gedankenexperiment) for a "Casimir engine". The waves are not waves of anything substantive but are ripples in a state of a theoretically defined field. If you're 200 pounds, the minimum amount is 72 grams of protein. [169][170][171][172], A good example of nonlinear electromagnetics is in high energy dense plasmas, where vortical phenomena occur which seemingly violate the second law of thermodynamics by increasing the energy gradient within the electromagnetic field and violate Maxwell's laws by creating ion currents which capture and concentrate their own and surrounding magnetic fields. the ground state or zero-point energy) but without any associated rise in temperature. In the optical region from 400 to 700nm, for instance, the above equation yields around 220 erg/cm3. [120] The shift of about 4.38106eV is roughly 107 of the difference between the energies of the 1s and 2s levels, and amounts to 1,058MHz in frequency units. [111][112][113][114], In 2009, Munday et al. [118], The quantum fluctuations of the electromagnetic field have important physical consequences. Definitive proof would require repeating the observation at other wavelengths and on other neutron stars. [196][198], A common assumption is that the Casimir force is of little practical use; the argument is made that the only way to actually gain energy from the two plates is to allow them to come together (getting them apart again would then require more energy), and therefore it is a one-use-only tiny force in nature. The issue is whether the science can be engineered into something workable"[267]. Most serious scientific research in this area depends on the theorized anti-gravitational properties of antimatter (currently being tested at the alpha experiment at CERN) and/or the effects of non-Newtonian forces such as the gravitomagnetic field under specific quantum conditions. The vacuum energy is simply the energy that fields have when they are in the vacuum state. We can therefore drop the zero-point field energy from the Hamiltonian, as is usually done.
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